Thứ Ba, 24 tháng 12, 2013

Người Tù Trong Phòng Giam Tuyết Trắng


Jane Fonda tại miền Bắc Việt Nam. Ảnh: AP
-Người Tù Trong Phòng Giam Tuyết Trắng
Phan Thanh Tâm
Chuyện ném xuống biển Nam Hải từ độ cao 10 ngàn bộ một cán bộ cao cấp của Cọng Sản Bắc Việt có biệt danh “The Man in the Snow White Cell” sau hơn bốn năm bị giam trong một phòng lạnh sơn trắng toát bị chê là “không đúng sự thật”, đã khiến nhà báo nổi tiếng Frank Snepp cựu viên chức CIA tại Saigon từ năm 1969 đến 1975, nỗi quạu dằn chai bia xuống mặt bàn. Người chỉ ra sự sai trật là cựu sĩ quan từng liên hệ với CIA khi phục vụ ở Phủ đặc ủy Trung ương Tình báo Việt Nam Nguyễn Tri Tông.

Cựu Đại Úy Nguyễn Tri Tông nói với tác giả cuốn “Decent Interval” (khoảng cách thích đáng) – viết về sự hỗn loạn của Việt Nam Cọng Hoa` năm 1975 – là ông biết rõ nội vụ hơn những điều viết trong sách về người tù đó và là người được lệnh xử dụng trực thăng riêng của Đại sứ Bunker dẫn độ y từ trại Đồng Tâm Mỹ Tho về Saigon. Nguyễn Tri Tông đã dùng còng cột tay mình và tay Nguyễn Tài, tên của cán bộ Cọng sản, trong một chuyến bay đêm đem về giam ở bến Bạch Đằng. Nguyễn Tài đã lạy người đưa mình ra khỏi phòng giam vì tuởng rằng sẽ bị giết vào phút chót của ngày 30/4/75. Để đền ơn, người này về sau được cấp một giấy chứng nhận có công với cách mạng.
Nguyễn Tri Tông tại Củ Chi trước 1975 với nhà báo Zalin Grant

Sách “Lớn Lên Với Đất Nước” của Vy Thanh có nhắc tới sự việc nói trên: dịp may nói chuyện với sĩ quan K. của Phủ đặc ủy Trung ương Tình báo, người đã dẫn độ Nguyễn [văn] Tài từ trại Đồng Tâm ở Mỹ Tho về Saigon. Ông cho biết Nguyễn [Văn] Tài còn sống nhăn cho đến ngày 30-4-75. Giờ chót, Nguyễn Tài hay Nguyễn Văn Tài , bí danh Tự Trọng được người lính gát trại giam số 3 Bến Bạch Đằng tên “Đinh Râu” quê Hóc Môn, từ nóc phòng giam thọc gậy thang xuống giải thoát. Chẳng ai giết Nguyễn Tài, người mà senior official muốn cho chết.

Sách của Frank Snepp năm 1977 viết gì? “Just before North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Saigon, a senior CIA official suggested to South Vietnam authorities that it would be useful if he [Nguyen Van Tai] “disappeared”. Since Tai was a trained terrorist, he could hardly be excepted to be a maganimous victor. The South Vietnamese agreed. Tai was loaded onto an airplane and thrown out at ten thousand feet over the South China Sea. At that point he had spent over four years in solitary confinement, in a snow –white room, without ever having fully admitted who he was” .

Ngoài ra, năm 2000 một tác gỉa khác, A. J. Langguth trong cuốn “Our War. The War 1954-1975 “ cũng có nhắc lại chuyện này. From the CIA office, a senior American agent called the Saigon authorities to suggest that they attend to one loose end before the Communists arrived. Nguyen Van Tai, the North Vietnamese agent Snepp had interrogated, should be made to disappear. The instructions were simple: Lead Tai from solitary confinement, herd him onto a plane and take him ten thousand feet above the South China Sea. Open the plane door. Push Tai out.

Nguyễn Tài: tài sản quý của đảng
Trong cuốn” Hồi ký Đối Mặt Với CIA”, do Nhà Xuất Bản Hôi Nhà Văn Hà Nội, phát hành năm 1999, chính Nguyễn Tài đã trích và dịch lại đoạn văn của Frank Sepp:Ngay trước khi xe tăng Bắc Việt tràn vào Saigon một quan chức cao cấp của CIA đã gợi ý với nhà chức trách Saigon là tiện nhất là y [chỉ Nguyễn Văn Tài] “biến mất”. Bởi vì Tài là một tay khủng bố có kinh nghiêm nên khó có khả năng mong đợi y là một người thắng trận rộng lương. Người Nam Việt đồng ý. Tài bị đưa lên máy bay và bị ném xuống biển Nam Hải từ độ cao 10 ngàn bô. Đến đây thì ông ta đã trải qua hơn 4 năm bị biệt giam trong một phòng sơn trắng toát và cũng chưa khi nào xác nhận một cách đầy đủ mình là ai.
Điều này chứng tỏ ‘người tù trong phòng giam tuyết trắng” không có bị thủ tiêu như hai tác gỉa Mỹ đã viết. Nhưng Nguyễn Tài là ai? Năm 2004 trong “Khúc khuỷa Đường Đời – Mười năm liên tục đấu tranh để sự thật và lẽ phải được thực hiện”  thuộc loại hồi tưởng và suy nghĩ, đăng trên talawas.org, tác giả cho biết, mình được gỉai thóat khỏi phòng giam ở Bến Bạch Đằng trưa ngày 30/4/75;  sau đúng  4 năm 4 tháng 10 ngày bị cầm tù; đã từng trực tiếp phụ trách an ninh chính trị chế độ; năm 1964 tình nguyện vào Nam; là Ủy viên An ninh Trung ương cục miền Nam; ngày 23/12/1970, bị bắt trên đường đi công tác; lúc đầu còn giữ được tung tích; nhưng sáu tháng sau thì bị lộ.


Nguyễn Tài sau khi được  giải thoát năm 1975
Nguyễn Tài rất có kinh nghiệm trong việc truy lùng ám sát những kẻ phải bị diệt trừ từ năm 1947; là người có cấp bậc cao nhất của miền Bắc vào Nam, đã chỉ huy hơn năm năm các hoạt động tình báo và khủng bố tại Sài Gòn; đã chứng tỏ bản lĩnh trong thời gian bị tra vấn. Dư luận cho rằng, Nguyễn Tài thăng cấp rất nhanh, một phần nhờ tham gia trong đợt đấu tố cha mình, nhà văn Nguyễn Công Hoan và cũng đã tham gia tích cực vào  vụ thanh trừng các phần tử “xét lại”. Cũng có tin nói rằng, từ giữa thập niên 60, Hồ Chí Minh đã điện vào Nam là phải bảo vệ Nguyễn Tài, có  biệt danh Tự Trọng, sinh năm 1926; vì Nguyễn Tài là  tài sản quý của Đảng.
Mùa thu năm 1971, Trần Bạch Đằng, Bí thư Thành ủy Sài Gòn–Gia Định, trong một bức thư qua một tù binh Mỹ được thả, đề nghị trao đổi Tài với Douglas Ramsey, một nhân viên ngoại giao Mỹ, bị Việt Cọng bắt từ năm 1966. Tài trở thành một con bài chính trị cấp cao; đến ngày 30/4/75 thì được giải thoát; gặp lại gia đình sau 11 năm xa cách; về Hà Nội làm Thứ trưởng Bộ Nội vụ từ đầu năm 1976; không bao lâu thì bị kiểm điểm về một số vấn đề chưa rõ trong thời gian bị địch bắt giam; rồi  được cử làm cục trưởng Tổng cục Hải quan; năm 2002, được tuyên dương là Anh hùng lực lượng vũ trang nhân dân thời chống Mỹ.
Trên đây là một chuyện xưa cũ của thế kỷ trước, nhưng rất cụ thể và điển hình; cho thấy rằng, rất nhiều sự việc trong hai mươi năm nội chiến từng ngày, tuy được kể lại từ một người trong cuộc; nhưng vẫn không tránh khỏi sai trật. Ấy thế mà các ông thầy bàn, các tay phản chiến, các thành phần thứ ba, thứ tư hay chủ nhật lại thích viện dẫn tài liệu của các cây viết ngoại quốc xa lạ, đầy thiên kiến để hù thiên hạ. Frank Snepp, người thẩm vấn Nguyễn Tài, trong một bửa họp mặt Giáng Sinh ở thủ đô Washington năm 1984, sau khi nghe Nguyễn Tri Tông nói rõ nội vụ mới diụ giọng, “thôi bỏ qua cho”; và phân trần sách chẳng đem lợi lộc gì. Cơ quan CIA đã thắng kiện vì cuốn “Decent Interval” phạm luật, tiết lộ nhiều điều chưa được phổ biến.
Thiên Đàng Hạ Giới
Nguyễn Tri Tông, đã về hưu, qua Mỹ năm 1975, làm việc trong ngành kỹ thuật truyền thông, danh thiếp đề Retired Principal Engineer; trước 1975, giữ chức phó giám đốc thư viện quốc gia; cựu giáo chức, động viên Thủ Đức; phục vụ trong các đơn vị tác chiến ở miền Trung; về làm việc ở Phủ đặc ủy Trung ương tình báo; từng được CIA huấn luyện thành thẩm vấn viên. Nguyễn Tri Tông là cháu đời thứ năm của Nguyễn Tri Phương, vị Tổng chỉ huy quân đội triều đình Nguyễn chống lại quân đội Pháp ở Đà Nẵng, Gia Định và Hànội. Tuy bị thương, vị đại thần không cho chữa trị, tuyệt thực đến chết ngày 20/12/1873, thọ 74 tuổi.
Nhờ gặp Nguyễn Tri Tông trong dịp đi theo nhà tôi dự Đại Hội XV!I Phan Thanh Giản – Đoàn Thị Điểm tại Hawaii hồi tháng 10 năm 2013 nên tôi biết thêm chuyện người tù Nguyễn Tài. Nhà tôi sau khi ra trường Đại Học Sư Phạm Saigon được bổ về dạy ở trường Phan Thanh Giản (PTG) niên khóa 1972-1973. Nguyễn Tri Tông là cựu hoc sinh trường PTG hồi thập niên 50-60. Hàng năm các cựu học sinh hai trường này đều có tổ chức một kỳ hôi ngộ. Cũng như trường Petrus Ký, trường PTG bị mất tên khi Cọng Sản Bắc Việt tiến chiếm toàn Việt Nam. Trường PTG giờ có tên mới là Châu Văn Liêm; Petrus Ký có tên là Lê Hồng Phong.
Nói đến Hawaii là nói đến Thiên Đàng Hạ Giới. Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Nhung, trưởng ban tổ chức Đại Hội Thế giới XVII, trong đặc san 18 trường Trung Học PTG & ĐTĐ phổ biến trong dịp này cho biết, trên đảo có thể lúc nắng lúc mưa nhưng sự ấm áp, mát mẻ là quanh năm. Biển thì trong xanh, có khi thấy rõ màu ngọc bích, đẹp vô vàng. Qua Hawaii mà không ngâm mình trong nước biển thì rất là uổng. Hawaii còn có cảnh trí thiên nhiên. ”Không thể nào dùng bút mực tả hết được”. Thật vậy, cứ nhìn dĩa rau trên bàn ăn với lá rau non mơn mởn, tươi rói là thấy cả một khu vườn xum xuê cây trái, đầy hoa thơm, ở một nơi chốn thanh bình, có non cao, biển rộng.
Đặc san ngoài những bài về trường xưa bạn cũ còn có bài giới thiệu về những điều đáng nhớ ở Hải đảo Hawaii của Việt Hài. Tác gỉa Việt Hải cho biết Hawaii, tiểu bang thứ 50 của Hoakỳ từ năm 1959, nằm gần chính giữa Thái bình Dương, trở thành trung tâm của giao lưu. Kinh tế chủ yếu là đường, dứa và du lich. Hải đảo có một hệ thống cảnh báo về sóng thần; những địa điểm xây bằng bê tông hoặc thép với độ cao từ sáu tầng trở lên. Dân số Hawaii khoảng trên 1,300,000 người. Tỷ lệ người da trắng ở Hawaii là một phần năm. Gốc  Á Châu chiếm đa số. Người da đen chỉ khoảng 1,6%. Dân bản xứ chính thống chỉ có 0.3%.
Đến Honolulu, thủ phủ của Hawaii là thế nào trong câu chuyên cũng nghe ba chữ ALOHA. Nó có nghĩa là gì? Đặc san của Đại Hội Thế Giới XVII của hai trường PTG-ĐTĐ có bài của Nguyễn văn Thành gỉai thích về ba chữ ALOHA và vũ điệu HULA.   Aloha vừa có nghĩa “xin chào”, vừa có nghĩa “tạm biệt” và cũng vừa có nghĩa “cám ơn”. Nó được nói ra tùy theo lúc, khi mọi người gặp nhau, thể hiện qua, “cung cách thân thiện và niềm nở của người bản xứ”. Aloha cũng còn có nghĩa là “hảy chia xẻ với nhau hơi thở của sự sống”. Tiểu bang Hawaii còn tự hào được gọi là tiểu bang Aloha. Nhiều bảng số xe hoặc cửa hiệu ghi là “Aloha State”.
  

     Hình chụp với vũ công Wilma Joy Agpaoa.
Trong chương trình của Đại Hội, có chuyến đi dự một bửa Dinner Cruise Star of Honolulu, ngắm mặt trời lặn và xem vũ điệu Hula. Có xem các vũ công, nam thì lực lưởng, nữ thì xinh đẹp, duyên dáng, thân hình yểu điệu biểu diễn, nhảy múa, lắc mông, liếc mắt đưa tình, cơ thể uyển chuyển, theo điệu nhạc thì mới thấy, đến thiên đàng của ha giới mà không được thưởng ngoạn vũ điệu Hula là một thiếu sót lớn. Theo Nguyễn văn Thành, vũ điệu này được coi như là “ linh hồn và nét đẹp văn hóa truyền thống của Hawaii, tượng trưng cho lời cầu nguyện thiêng liêng mà họ mong muốn gởi đến đức thần linh và cũng tượng trưng cho cuộc sống ấm no để ngợi ca tộc trưởng bộ lạc.”
Các vũ công nữ mặc bộ váy đặc biệt kết bằng cỏ, kèm theo rất nhiều trang sức đầy màu sắc trên người; với vòng hoa ở cổ tay, và một vòng hoa sứ đeo quanh cổ. Trên mái tóc thì cài những cánh hoa hibiscus, loại hoa dâm bụt đặc trưng của Hawaii. Vũ công nam thì chỉ quấn quanh hông những chiếc khăn màu chói sáng. Mỗi động tác của vũ công đều nhằm chuyển tải một ý nghĩa. Khi chụm hai bàn tay lại có nghĩa là dâng biếu một bông hoa. Khi muốn diễn tả mặt trăng vũ công đưa hai cánh tay trên đầu; diễn tả các vì sao thì vũ công bắt chéo hai ngón tay trỏ hoặc nháy mắt khi lướt đi trên sàn nhảy. Vũ điệu Hula hiện đã trở thành vũ điệu quốc tế.

Hình chụp với ca nhạc sĩ Keaka Kay-Gouvera
Hawaii có khỏang 10,000 người Việt cư ngụ. Có một hảng “Taxi Hello” do người Việt làm chủ. Khi dạo loanh quanh, tôi thây ở hè phố, ở công viên lác đác có người ngủ gà ngủ gật hay nằm cạnh con chó. Gặp một bà đang đẩy một giỏ hàng, đầy đồ tuế nhuyển, bà cho biết “trợ cấp của chính phủ ở đây tốt lắm. Mới bảo lãnh thằng em qua”. Đúng như lời một người quen hiện sống và làm việc ở tiểu bang này. Đây mới thật là thiên đàng của dân homeless. Công việc chính của họ là đến kỳ đi nhận lãnh trợ cấp. Thời gian còn lại thì lang thang đây đó; lấy khách sạn ngàn sao trên trời làm chỗ trọ về đêm. Một điều ngạc nhiên là khi đến Hawaì tôi không có nghe được tiếng đàn Ha-uy-di như đã từng nghe ơ Viet Nam.  
Phan Thanh Tâm
Saint Paul, 12/2013.

The Man in the Snow White Cell

Limits to Interrogation
Merle L. Pribbenow
The war on terror is frustrating and confusing. It is a war of shifting targets and uncertain methods, a war that is unconventional in every sense of the word. One of the most difficult parts of the war for the average American to understand is the trouble we have had in obtaining information from some of the captured terrorists being held at Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and other locations around the world.
A college classmate of mine, someone who knows I am a retired CIA operations officer, recently expressed to me his frustration with the pace of the war on terror. He said he believed that the terrorist threat to America was so grave that any methods, including torture, should be used to obtain the information we need, and he could not understand why my former colleagues had not been able to "crack" these prisoners.
Our current war on terror is by no means the first such war our nation has fought, and our interrogation efforts against terrorist suspects in the United States, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay are (hopefully) based on lessons learned from the experiences of past decades. This article details one particularly instructive case from the Vietnam era.

Nguyen Tai

More than 30 years ago, South Vietnamese forces arrested a man who turned out to be the most senior North Vietnamese officer ever captured during the Vietnam War. This was a man who had run intelligence and terrorist operations in Saigon for more than five years, operations that had killed or wounded hundreds of South Vietnamese and Americans. US and South Vietnamese intelligence and security officers interrogated the man for more than two years, employing every interrogation technique in both countries' arsenals, in an effort to obtain his secrets.
Frank Snepp, the CIA officer who conducted the final portion of the interrogation, devoted a chapter in his classic memoir of the last years of the CIA station in Saigon to the interrogation of this man, whom he called the "man in the snow white cell."1 Snepp thought that the South Vietnamese had killed this prisoner just before Saigon fell in April 1975 to keep him from retaliating against those who had tormented him in prison for so long.
Snepp was wrong. The prisoner survived. A few years ago, he published a slim memoir of his years of imprisonment and interrogation titled Face to Face with the American CIA.2 It is an extraordinary book that describes how he resisted years of unrelenting interrogation by some of the CIA's most skilled, and South Vietnam's most brutal, interrogators. His book may provide some insights into the problems, both practical and moral, facing our interrogators today.
Nguyen Tai Photo

Early Nationalist

Like Osama bin Laden, Nguyen Tai was a sophisticated, intelligent, well-educated man from a prominent family. His father, Nguyen Cong Hoan, was one of Vietnam's most famous authors. Tai's uncle, Le Van Luong, was a member of the Communist Party Central Committee and the second-in-command of the communist Ministry of Public Security (Vietnam's espionage, counterespionage, and security organization, patterned after the Soviet KGB).
Tai joined "the revolution" in 1944 at the age of 18. By 1947, when he was only 21, he was Chief of Public Security for French-occupied Hanoi city.3 Throughout the war against the French, Tai operated inside Hanoi, behind French lines, directing communist intelligence collection activities and combating French efforts to penetrate and eliminate the communist resistance. This covert war was a difficult, dirty, "no holds barred" struggle that employed assassination and terror as its stock in trade.
Tai was ruthless in the conduct of his duties. According to a history of Hanoi Public Security operations, in April 1947, just after Tai took over command of security operations in the city, his office formed special assassination teams called "Vietnamese Youth Teams" [Doi Thanh Viet] to "eliminate" French and Vietnamese "targets." The Hanoi history devotes page after page to descriptions of specific assassination operations conducted by these teams.4 In September 1951, as part of a classic operation run jointly by the national-level Ministry of Public Security and Tai's Hanoi security office, a woman pretending to be the wife of the leader of a pro-French resistance faction operating behind communist lines sank a French naval vessel with a 60-pound explosive charge she carried aboard in her suitcase. The woman kept the suitcase next to her until it exploded, thereby becoming perhaps the first female suicide bomber in history.
Following the communist victory at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 and the communist takeover of North Vietnam that followed, Nguyen Tai rose quickly in the hierarchy of the communist Ministry of Public Security. One aspect of his rise was said to have been his assistance in the prosecution of his own father for anti-regime statements.5 In 1961, Tai was appointed director of the Ministry of Public Security's newly reorganized counterespionage organization, the dreaded KG-2--Political Security Department II [Cuc Bao Ve Chinh Tri II].6
In that capacity, he directed double-agent operations against South Vietnamese and American forces, including the successful effort to capture and double back US-trained spies and saboteurs dispatched into North Vietnam by parachute and by boat during the early-to-mid-1960s.7
Tai was also responsible for a ruthless crackdown on internal dissidents and directed the initial investigations that resulted in the infamous "Hoang Minh Chinh" affair, a purge of senior communist party "revisionists." The operation sought out allegedly pro-Soviet and pro-Vo Nguyen Giap elements--including members of the party's central committee and the cabinet, and several army generals--opposed to the policies of then-Communist Party First Secretary, Le Duan.8

Moving South

In 1964, leaving his wife and three young children behind, Tai was sent south to join the struggle against the Americans in South Vietnam. He became the chief of security for the Saigon-Gia Dinh Party Committee in 1966.9In one respect, at least, Tai's assignment made sense: He had extensive experience at running a similar clandestine security/intelligence/terrorist organization behind enemy lines from his work as Chief of Hanoi Public Security during the war against the French. However, Tai carried in his head some of North Vietnam's deepest, darkest secrets--including the fact that all the US and South Vietnamese "spies" in North Vietnam were now working for the North Vietnamese; the identities of communist spies in South Vietnam's leadership; specific points of friction in North Vietnam's relations with the Soviet Union and Communist China; and internal splits and factionalism within the North Vietnamese leadership. Therefore, sending him to operate covertly behind enemy lines was a tremendous risk for the Hanoi regime.
Tai immediately threw himself into his new assignment. One of his mission orders, contained in a 17 May 1965 memorandum from the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN) Security office, directed him to "exploit every opportunity to kill enemy leaders and vicious thugs, to intensify our political attacks aimed at spreading fear and confusion among the enemy's ranks, and to properly carry out the task of recruiting supporters among the lower ranks of the police."10
Tai attacked this mission with a vengeance, launching a program of bombings and assassinations against South Vietnamese police and security services and leadership figures. According to a Vietnamese Public Security press release in 2002, "Making great efforts, Public Security forces under Tai's command recruited agents, transported weapons into the city, and conducted many well-known attacks that terrified enemy personnel. Of special note were the assassination of a major general assigned to the Office of the President of the Saigon government and the detonation of a bomb in the National Police Headquarters parking lot...."11 Tai directed many other terrorist operations, including numerous bombing attacks against police personnel and locations frequented by police and security officers; the assassination of a senior member of the Vietnamese National Assembly; an assassination attempt against future South Vietnamese President Tran Van Huong; and assassinations of individual police officers and communist Viet Cong defectors.12

Capture

In 1969, Tai was forced to move his operations to a more secure area in the Mekong Delta, following the decimation of the communist infrastructure in the Saigon area by the Americans and South Vietnamese in response to the 1968 communist Tet offensive. While traveling to a political meeting in December 1970, he was arrested by South Vietnamese forces. The cover story and the identity documents carried by Tai and his traveling companions were quickly discovered to be false.
After an initial interrogation and physical beating by South Vietnamese security personnel, Tai shifted to his fallback position to avoid being forced to reveal the location and identities of his personnel in the area. He "admitted" to being a newly infiltrated captain from North Vietnam. When the interrogation became more intense, he "confessed" that he was really a covert military intelligence agent sent to South Vietnam to establish a legal identity and cover legend before being sent on to France for his ultimate espionage assignment (which he claimed to have not yet been fully briefed on).13 Each time he shifted to a fallback story, Tai made an initial show of resistance and pretended to give in only when his interrogator "forced" him to make an admission. He did this to play on the interrogator's ego by making him think that he had "cracked" his subject's story and to divert attention from the things that Tai wanted to protect--such as the location of his headquarters, the identity of his communist contacts, and his own identity and position.
Tai's effort succeeded in buying time for his colleagues and contacts to escape to new hiding places and in diverting his "enemy's" attention onto a false track. But his claim to be a covert military intelligence agent ensured that he would receive high-level attention. Instead of being detained and interrogated by low-level (and less well-trained) personnel in the Mekong Delta, Tai was sent to Saigon for detailed questioning by South Vietnamese and American professionals at the South Vietnamese Central Intelligence Organization's (CIO) National Interrogation Center (NIC).14

Counter-Interrogation Strategy

As any professional interrogator will tell you, the most important requirement for a successful interrogation is knowledge of your subject. The problem facing the interrogators at the NIC when Tai first arrived was that no one had any idea who he really was. Tai devised a cover story, complete with fake name, family and biographic data, and information on his work assignments. He pretended to be cooperative, but provided only information that was either already known or that could not be checked. To claim ignorance about the local communist organization and local contacts, he said he had just arrived from the North on an infiltration boat (one whose arrival was already known because the South Vietnamese had attacked and destroyed the boat when they discovered it at a dock in the Mekong Delta in November 1970). He stated he had been selected for the assignment in France because of his excellent French language skills and had been told that for reasons of security he would be informed of the precise nature of his mission in France only after he established a cover identity and received legal papers in Saigon for his onward travel.
The information Tai provided about his military intelligence training and instructors in North Vietnam was information he knew had already been compromised by communist agents captured previously. He was thus able to give his interrogators what seemed to be "sensitive" information they could confirm, thereby enhancing their belief in his story while at the same time revealing nothing that might cause further damage to his cause. The fact that he had initially "concealed" this information and only "confessed" after being beaten by South Vietnamese officers would, he knew, enhance the story's believability. Tai said his first CIA interrogators, an older man named "Fair" [sic] and a younger man named "John," believed his story.
Suspicions began to surface about Tai's cover story. Tai claims that his story began to fall apart when members of his Saigon Security Office staff, desperate to find out what had happened to their boss, asked one of their agents inside the city to try to locate him, giving the agent his alias (but not his true name and identity) and the date and place he was arrested. When the South Vietnamese arrested this agent, Tai says that the South Vietnamese CIO began to wonder why an agent from Public Security would be trying to locate someone who claimed to be from military intelligence, an entirely separate organization.
Tai may believe this version of how his story began to come apart. But, in fact, he may not have been as successful at deceiving the Americans as he thought. According to former CIA officer Peter Kapusta, who told author Joseph J. Trento in 1990 that he had participated in Tai's interrogation, "John" quickly became suspicious of Tai's cover story and launched an investigation.15 Tai admits that after the polygraph examination he had a confrontation with "John" when "John" tried to reinterview him about his biographic data.16 Whatever the origin of the suspicions, Tai was turned back over to the South Vietnamese, who decided to conduct their own interrogation using their own methods.

Extracting a Confession

The South Vietnamese set to work to force Tai to admit his real identity, the first step in breaking him. They began confronting him with gaps in his story and tortured him when he maintained he was telling the truth. They administered electric shock, beat him with clubs, poured water down his nose while his mouth was gagged, applied "Chinese water torture" (dripping water slowly, drop by drop, on the bridge of his nose for days on end), and kept him tied to a stool for days at a time without food or water while questioning him around the clock. But Tai held to his cover story.
After showing Tai's picture to the large number of communist Public Security prisoners and defectors then in custody, the South Vietnamese quickly learned Tai's true identity as the chief of the Saigon-Gia Dinh Security Section. They began to confront him with informants, former security personnel who knew him and identified him to his face as the chief of Saigon Security. One of these informants was a female agent who, according to Tai's account, had planted a bomb at the South Vietnamese National Police Headquarters on Tai's orders.17Tai continued to maintain his cover story, and his attitude toward his confronters was so threatening (when combined with his past reputation) that he thoroughly terrified his accusers, one of whom reportedly committed suicide shortly afterward.18
The South Vietnamese tried a new ploy. They told Tai they were planning a secret exchange of high-ranking prisoners, but he would only be exchanged if he admitted to his true identity. They promised that he would not have to tell them anything else, but they could not exchange him if he did not confess his true identity.19 They confronted him with captured documents he had written and with photographs of him taken years before when he served as a security escort for Ho Chi Minh during a state visit to Indonesia. Exhausted and weakened, both physically and psychologically, and comforting himself with the thought that, whether he confessed or not, the enemy clearly already knew his real identity, he finally gave in. Tai wrote out a statement admitting that, "My true name is Nguyen Tai, alias Tu Trong, and I am a colonel in the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam."20

No Respite

As Tai must have anticipated, his confession did not end his ordeal. After giving him a short rest as a reward, his South Vietnamese interrogators came back with a request that he provide details about his personal background and history. Tai refused, and the torture resumed. He was kept sitting on a chair for weeks at a time with no rest; he was beaten; he was starved; he was given no water for days; and he was hung from the rafters for hours by his arms, almost ripping them from their sockets. After more than six months of interrogation and torture, Tai felt his physical and psychological strength ebbing away; he knew his resistance was beginning to crack. During a short respite between torture sessions, to avoid giving away the secrets he held in his head during the physical and psycho-logical breakdown he could feel coming, Tai tried to kill himself by slashing his wrists. The South Vietnamese caught him before he managed to inflict serious injury, and then backed off to let him recuperate.21
Tai says he sustained himself during this period by constantly remembering his obligations to his friends and his family. At one point, when he was shown a photograph of his father, he swore to himself "that I will never do anything to harm the Party or my family's honor."22
Exactly what motivated him is difficult to say, but the key appears to be the reference to "my family's honor." As the educated son of an intellectual rather than a member of the favored "worker-peasant" class, it is likely that Tai's loyalties to the Party had been questioned many times. Tai does not disclose, nor does any outsider really know, what happened between Tai and his family when his father was criticized and fell out of favor with the Party shortly after the communist takeover of North Vietnam in 1954. He may have felt a need to prove his loyalty at that time. If, as Snepp wrote and Tai's interrogators believed, Tai helped prosecute his father during this period, his memoir suggests that he subsequently reconciled with his father and appears to have resolved never to cause such pain to his family again. Human psychology is a tricky business, of course, but in this case what appeared on the outside to be an exploitable weakness--Tai's apparent betrayal of his father--had been turned into a strength.
Lest anyone be too quick to condemn Tai's South Vietnamese interrogators, we should remember that the prisoner had just spent five years directing vicious attacks against these same men, their friends, their colleagues, and their families. They knew that if Tai escaped or was released, he would come after them again. During 1970, the last year of Tai's freedom, in spite of the losses his organization had suffered during the Tet offensive, communist accounts boast of at least three bombings and several assassinations conducted by Tai's personnel against South Vietnamese police and intelligence officers in Saigon.23 It was as if members of the New York Police Department were suddenly handed Osama bin Laden and asked to extract a confession. If things got "a little rough," that certainly should not have come as a surprise to anyone. In addition, accounts by US prisoners of war of their torture by North Vietnamese interrogators at the infamous "Hanoi Hilton" reveal that the methods of physical torture used on them were identical to methods Tai says were used on him. The war was vicious on all sides; no one's hands were clean.

The White Cell

What might have happened if the torture had continued can only be guessed. In the fall of 1971, Tai's superiors made a move that ensured his survival. On 9 October, US Army Sgt. John Sexton was released by his communist captors and walked into American lines west of Saigon carrying a note written by Tran Bach Dang, the secretary of the Saigon-Gia Dinh Party Committee. The letter contained an offer to exchange Tai and another communist prisoner, Le Van Hoai, for Douglas Ramsey, a Vietnamese-speaking State Department officer who had been held by the communists since 1966 and whom the communists believed was a US intelligence officer.24 Tai's torture and interrogation immediately ended. Even though the negotiations for an exchange quickly broke down, Tai had suddenly become, as his communist superiors intended, too valuable for his life to be placed in jeopardy.25 He was now a pawn in a high-level political game.
In early 1972, Tai was informed he was being taken to another location to be interrogated by the Americans. After being blindfolded, he was transported by car to an unknown location and placed in a completely sealed cell that was painted all in white, lit by bright lights 24 hours a day, and cooled by a powerful air-conditioner (Tai hated air conditioning, believing, like many Vietnamese, that cool breezes could be poisonous). Kept in total isolation, Tai lived in this cell, designed to keep him confused and disoriented, for three years without learning where he was.26
Tai's interrogation began anew. This time the interrogator was a middle-aged American whom Tai knew as "Paul." Paul was actually Peter Kapusta, a veteran CIA Soviet/Eastern Europe counterintelligence specialist with close ties to the famed and mysterious chief of CIA counter-intelligence, James Jesus Angleton.27 Even by Tai's account, Kapusta and the other Americans who interrogated him ("Fair," "John," and Frank Snepp) never mistreated him in any way, although Tai was always suspicious of American attempts to trick him into doing something that might cause his suspicious bosses back in the jungle to believe he was cooperating with the "enemy." Kapusta and the other American officers tried to win Tai's trust by giving him medical care, extra rations, and new clothing (most of which Tai claims to have refused or destroyed for fear of compromising his own strict standards of "revolutionary morality"). They also played subtly on his human weaknesses--his aversion to cold, his need for companionship, and his love for his family.28
According to his memoirs, Tai decided he would shift tactics after learning that he was being returned to American control. Rather than refusing to respond with any answers other than "No" or "I don't know," as he had with the South Vietnamese, he now resolved: "I will answer questions and try to stretch out the questioning to wait for the war to end. I will answer questions but I won't volunteer anything. The answers I give may be totally incorrect, but I will stubbornly insist that I am right."29
In other words, Tai would engage in a dialogue, something he could not trust himself to do when being tortured by the South Vietnamese out of fear that his weakened condition and confused mental state might cause him to slip and inadvertently reveal some vital secret. He would play for time, trying to remain in American custody as long as possible in order to keep himself out of the hands of the South Vietnamese, whom he believed would either break him or kill him. This meant he would have to engage in a game of wits with the Americans, selectively discussing with them things they already knew, or that were not sensitive, while staying vigilant to protect Public Security's deepest secrets: the identities of its spies, agents, and assassins. This was, however, a tricky strategy, and even Tai admits that it led him into some sensitive areas. Interestingly, Tai blames the communist radio and press for broadcasting public reports on some sensitive subjects, thereby making it impossible for him to deny knowledge of such areas. Sounding not unlike many American military and intelligence officers during the Vietnam War, Tai writes:
I had always been firmly opposed to the desires of our propaganda agencies to discuss secret matters in the public media....Now, because the "Security of the Fatherland" radio program had openly talked about the [Ministry's] "Review of Public Security Service Operations," I was forced to give them [the Americans] some kind of answer.30
Peter Kapusta worked on Tai for several months and believed he was making progress. Then he was reassigned. Washington sent Frank Snepp to take over the case.
Snepp decided to try a new ploy to crack Tai's facade. Like other American officers who had interrogated Tai, Snepp did not speak Vietnamese. Interrogations were always conducted using a South Vietnamese interpreter, usually a young woman. Snepp decided to cut the South Vietnamese completely out of the interrogation to see if this might lead Tai to speak more freely. One day he brought in a Vietnamese-speaking American interpreter to take over the duty.
Tai, ever suspicious, believed that as long as Vietnamese were directly involved in his interrogation, there was a chance that word about him might leak out to his "comrades" on the outside. If the Americans took over completely, Tai's superiors would have no chance of locating him, or of verifying his performance during the interrogation. Tai was always desperately concerned with leaving a clear record for his superiors to find that would prove he had not cooperated with his interrogators. He believed this was essential for his own future and that of his family. As a professional security officer, Tai was well aware of the Vietnamese communist practice of punishing succeeding generations for the sins of their fathers. He decided to force the Americans to bring back the South Vietnamese interpreter by pretending not to be able to understand the American, whom he admits spoke Vietnamese perfectly well.31
The ploy worked in the end. Meanwhile, however, it led to the author's only involvement in this case. As Tai had planned, Snepp became angry and frustrated, blaming the American interpreter for the lack of results. After the session, Snepp came to see me (we had become friends during his first tour in Vietnam), told me of his unhappiness with the "performance" of the interpreter (who was a close colleague of mine), and asked if I would be free to interpret for him in future sessions with Tai. As it happened, I was not available, and Snepp was forced to return to the use of an ethnic Vietnamese interpreter. I always wondered what could possibly have caused the problem that Frank described to me that afternoon. Thirty years later, when I read Tai's memoir, I finally understood.

Impact of the Paris Accord

On 27 January 1973, the Paris Peace Agreement was signed, calling for the release of all prisoners of war and civilian detainees. In compliance, Snepp, without obtaining prior authorization from the South Vietnamese CIO (which was still the organization officially responsible for Tai's detention), informed Tai and other communist prisoners of the agreement and its prisoner exchange provisions. Tai, totally isolated from information about the outside world, was suspicious at first. Finally, he managed to persuade one of his guards (who were under instruction not to talk to the prisoner unless absolutely necessary) to confirm Snepp's information.32
The American interrogation ended with the signing of the agreement in Paris, although he remained incarcerated in the snow white cell. Tai was able to use the information Snepp had given him about the prisoner exchange provisions to resist further efforts by the South Vietnamese to interrogate him. He was left isolated, but in peace, for the next two years, until Saigon fell in April 1975. He credits Snepp's information on the Paris accord with enabling him to resist and survive until his final release. Frank Snepp may have saved Tai's life.
According to his memoirs, Tai maintained his sanity and survived by reminding himself of his allegiance to his nation, his Party, and his cause, and by constantly thinking of his family. He followed a strict daily ritual of saluting a star, representing the North Vietnamese flag (a red flag with a single gold star in the center), that he had scratched on his cell wall and then silently reciting the North Vietnamese national anthem, the South Vietnamese Liberation anthem, and the Internationale, the anthem of the world communist movement.33 He wrote poems and songs in his head, memorizing them and reviewing them constantly to make sure he did not forget. While some of these poems were the obligatory paeans to the Party, most were about his love for his children and his family.34
Just before communist troops entered Saigon on 30 April 1975, a senior South Vietnamese officer ordered Tai's execution to prevent his release by victorious comrades. By some measure at least, it was not an unreasonable order--as Frank Snepp noted, "Since Tai was a trained terrorist, he could hardly be expected to be a magnanimous victor."35
The order came too late, however. All of the CIO's senior personnel were in the process of fleeing the country, and the junior enlisted men entrusted with the task of disposing of Tai, men who had no opportunity to escape, understandably decided that they might have more to gain by keeping the prisoner alive. They were afraid of retribution if the communist victors learned that they had killed him and they might even have hoped for some reward.36 Tai survived and returned to his family in Hanoi in the fall of 1975. Tai went on to other important positions, including a term as an elected member of the reunified nation of Vietnam's National Assembly. In June 2002, in a solemn ceremony held in Ho Chi Minh City (the former Saigon), Nguyen Tai was officially honored with Vietnam's highest award, the title of "Hero of the People's Armed Forces."

Reflections

What conclusions can we draw about the efficacy and appropriateness of the interrogation techniques used by the South Vietnamese and the Americans in the Tai case? While the South Vietnamese use of torture did result (eventually) in Tai's admission of his true identity, it did not provide any other usable information. The South Vietnamese played the key role in cracking Tai's cover story, but it was their investigation and analysis that put the pieces together to make a solid and incontrovertible identification of Tai, not their use of torture, that scored this success. A sensitive, adept line of questioning that confronted Tai with this evidence and offered him a deal--like the offer by his torturers to exchange admission of his identity for consideration in a notional prisoner exchange--would almost certainly have achieved the same result. Without doubt, the South Vietnamese torture gave Tai the incentive for the limited cooperation he gave to his American interrogators, but it was the skillful questions and psychological ploys of the Americans, and not any physical infliction of pain, that produced the only useful (albeit limited) information that Tai ever provided.
This brings me back to my college classmate's question. The answer I gave him--one in which I firmly believe--is that we, as Americans, must not let our methods betray our goals. I am not a moralist. War is a nasty business, and one cannot fight a war without getting one's hands dirty. I also do not believe that the standards set by the ACLU and Amnesty International are the ones we Americans must necessarily follow. There is nothing wrong with a little psychological intimidation, verbal threats, bright lights and tight handcuffs, and not giving a prisoner a soft drink and a Big Mac every time he asks for them. There are limits, however, beyond which we cannot and should not go if we are to continue to call ourselves Americans. America is as much an ideal as a place and physical torture of the kind used by the Vietnamese (North as well as South) has no place in it. Thus, extracting useful information from today's committed radicals--like Nguyen Tai in his day--remains a formidable challenge.
 

Footnotes
1. Frank Snepp, Decent Interval, (New York, NY: Random House, 1977). Although I was assigned to the CIA's Saigon station at the time of Tai's arrest and interrogation, I knew little of his case. The material below is based almost entirely on public-source documents.
2. Nguyen Tai, Doi Mat Voi CIA My [Face to Face with the CIA], (Hanoi: Writers Association Publishing House, 1999),
3Bao Cong An Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh [Ho Chi Minh City Public Security], newspaper, 13 June 2002, accessed on 15 June 2002 at: http://www.cahcm.vnnews.com/1051/10510010.html Note: From the 1960s to the mid-1990s, the Ministry of Public Security was called the Ministry of the Interior, even though it was still referred to officially as the "Public Security Service," and its officers were called "public security officers." For simplicity, I have used the term "Ministry of Public Security" throughout.
4. Nguyen The Bao, Hanoi City Public Security Historical Research and Analysis Section,Cong An Thu Do: Nhung Chang Duong Lich Su (1945-1954) [Capital Public Security: A History (1945-1954)] (Hanoi, Vietnam: People's Public Security Publishing House, 1990), pp. 124-25, 132-33.
5. Snepp, p. 35.
6. Lt. Col. Hoang Mac and Maj. Nguyen Hung Linh, Ministry of Interior Political Security Department II, Luc Luong Chong Phan Dong: Lich Su Bien Nien (1954-1975); Luu Hanh Noi Bo [Anti-Reactionary Forces: Chronology of Events (1954-1975); Internal Distribution Only] (Hanoi: Public Security Publishing House, 1997), p. 183.
7. Nguyen Tai, p. 157; Phung Thien Tam, ed., Ky Niem Sau Sac Trong Doi Cong An[Profound Memories From the Lives of Public Security Officers] (Hanoi: People's Public Security Publishing House, Hanoi, 1995), p.71. For a detailed account of the successful North Vietnamese effort to capture these spy/commando teams and redirect them against US-South Vietnamese forces, see Sedgewick Tourison, Secret War, Secret Army: Washington's Tragic Spy Operation in North Vietnam (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995), and Kenneth Conboy and Dale Andrade, Spies and Commandos: How America Lost the Secret War in North Vietnam (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2000).
8. The Hoang Minh Chinh Affair, still one of the Vietnamese communist party's darkest secrets, is referred to in: Public Security Science Institute, Cong An Nhan Dan Viet Nam, Tap II (Du Thao); Chi Luu Hanh Noi Bo [People's Public Security of Vietnam, Volume II (Draft); Internal Distribution Only] (Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Ministry of Interior, 1978), p. 206; and in: Nguyen Tai, pp. 166-67. A fuller account of the Hoang Minh Chinh Affair can be found in: Bui Tin, Their True Face: The Political Memoirs of Bui Tin (Garden Grove, CA: Turpin Press, 1993), pp. 187-90, 370-87.
9. Ho Chi Minh City Public Security newspaper, 13 June 2002.
10. Hoang and Nguyen, Ministry of Interior Public Security Department II, p. 229.
11. Ho Chi Minh City Public Security newspaper, 13 June 2002. Note: According to the New York Times, 1 February 1969, the general involved, Maj. Gen. Nguyen Van Kiem of President Thieu's military staff, was wounded in this attack, but did not die.
12. Hoang and Nguyen, Ministry of Interior Public Security Department II, pp. 234-37; Ho Son Dai and Tran Phan Chan, War Recapitulation Section of the Ho Chi Minh City Party Committee, Lich Su Saigon-Cho Lon-Gia Dinh Khang Chien (1945-1975) [History of the Resistance War in Saigon-Cho Lon-Gia Dinh (1945-1975)], Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City Publishing House, 1994), pp. 575-76.
13. Nguyen Tai, pp. 27, 32.
14. Ibid., pp. 40-41.
15. Joseph J. Trento, The Secret History of the CIA (New York, NY: Prima Publishing, 2001). On p. 352, the author writes: "In 1971, Peter Kapusta was the CIA's top hostile interrogator of non-military North Vietnamese intelligence officers at the National Interrogation Center in Saigon. His colleague John Bodine handled military intelligence interrogations. One day, Bodine came to Kapusta with a plea for help. Something about a North Vietnamese captain he was interrogating did not ring true. Kapusta began to work on the case. It did not take him long to establish that the "captain" was in fact the North Vietnamese general in charge of counterintelligence. The general turned out to be one of the most important prisoners the United States ever captured in Vietnam."
16. Nguyen Tai, pp. 71-73.
17. A post-war communist account describes this woman as the daughter of a senior South Vietnamese police officer who had been seduced by one of Tai's Public Security assassins.Ibid., pp. 105-06; Phung Thien Tam, pp. 224-28.
18. Nguyen Tai, pp. 100-02; Snepp, p. 31.
19. Nguyen Tai, p. 95.
20. Ibid., p. 114.
21. Ibid., pp. 118-48. Tai says that when he was finally released in 1975 and told his story to his communist superiors, he was criticized for his suicide attempt, which some of the communist leaders viewed as a sign of weakness (p. 145).
22. Ibid., p. 88.
23. Ho Son Dai and Tran Phan Chan, pp. 575-77.
24. Nguyen Tai, p. 145; Snepp, pp. 32-33; New York Times, 9, 10, 12 October 1971.
25. Tai claims that North Vietnamese Minister of Interior Tran Quoc Hoan told him after the war was over that the leadership had realized that the chances for an actual prisoner exchange prior to a final peace agreement were poor, but their immediate objective was to "make it impossible for the Americans and their puppets to kill me" (Nguyen Tai, p. 145).
26. Only when released in April 1975 did Tai discover that he was back at the National Interrogation Center in Saigon, the same place where American officers "Fair" and "John" had interrogated him a year earlier. Nguyen Tai, pp. 149-51; Snepp, pp. 31, 35.
27. William Corson, Susan Trento, and Joseph J. Trento, Widows (London, UK: Futura Publications, 1990), pp. 98, 219, 260; David Wise, Molehunt (New York, NY: Random House, 1992), p. 219.
28. Nguyen Tai, pp. 155-56, 182; Snepp, pp. 35-36.
29. Nguyen Tai, pp. 161-62.
30. Ibid., p. 175.
31. Ibid., pp. 203-04.
32. Ibid., pp. 214-17; Snepp, pp. 36-37.
33. Nguyen Tai, pp. 70-71, 82.
34. Ibid., pp. 24, 71, 186, 210-11.
35. Snepp, p. 37.
36. Nguyen Tai, pp. 243-44.

Merle L. Pribbenow is a retired CIA operations officer.



-Jane Fonda và nhân viên tình báo thân thiện của Bắc Việt
Nguyên tác của Merle L.Pribbenow
Trọng Đạt dịch
Tháng rồi nữ tài tử Jane Fonda có đăng một bài trên trang mạng của bà lấy tên “Tôi thăm Hà Nội”, trong bài này bà giải thích cuộc viếng thăm Hà Nội hai tuần của bà mùa hè 1972, bài nhằm mục đích bác bỏ những lời người ta chỉ trích bà trên mạng cũng như những bài lên án bà là kẻ phản bội trong chuyến viếng thăm này.

Tại sao nay mở lại cuộc tranh cãi này? Vì ít ngày trước đó đài truyền hình thương mại QVC, sau khi nhận được nhiều phản kháng, đã hủy bỏ một chương trình trên đài dành cho Fonda để quảng bá cuốn hồi ký của bà. Như vậy bài viết của Jane Fonda đó để nói lại sự việc cho đúng. Người nữ minh tinh đọat giải Oscar này đã có lời xin lỗi (đúng ra là những biện hộ, giải bài, hõn là xin lỗi) về bức hình tai tiếng khi bà ngồi điều khiển một khẩu cao xạ phòng không của Bắc Việt. Nhưng phần chính của bài viết là để biện hộ cho chuyến đi ấy cũng như động cơ đã thúc đẩy bà.

Ngoài bà Fonda, không ai biết rõ động cơ ấy là gì, nhưng điều rõ ràng là Bắc Việt đã khai thác bà để tuyên truyền cho họ. Bà ta là một kẻ khờ dại —sự thật thì không phải như vậy — nếu nghĩ rằng BV không có mục đích tuyên truyền gì cả.
Một trong những điều kết án Fonda nặng nề nhất, là bà ta đã hành xử như một điệp viên BV khi làm như vậy. Và như thế đáng kết tội phản bội. Nếu đúng vậy bà ta đã có thể làm theo hướng dẫn cũa một viên chức BV, có thể một viên chức tình báo BV. Và câu hỏi tiếp theo là, Jane Fonda có tiếp xúc với tình báo BV?
Nói chung điệp viên các nước đều họat động ngầm không cho người ta biết tông tích của mình, câu hỏi về bà Fonda có liên lạc với tình báo BV không, khó trả lời. Tuy nhiên trong trường hợp, này chính Bắc Việt đã cho chúng ta câu trả lời . Không những họ cho biết bà Fonda đã tiếp xúc với điệp viên BV năm 1972, họ còn cho biết tên người ấy, bí danh của y cũng như huấn thị hành động và mục đích nhắm vào người Mỹ.
Năm 2005, một bài đăng trên báo Thanh Niên, cơ quan ngôn luận chính thức của Đoàn thanh niên CS Hồ Chí Minh , đề cập đến cuộc phỏng vấn một viên chức Việt Nam đã hồi hưu tên Hồ Nam, người mà năm 1972 đã là viên chức tòng sự trong ngành ngọai giao của BV tại Paris . Hồ Nam kể lại y đã gặp Fonda ra sao, khi bà ta nhận nhiệm vụ xin Visa vào BV. Hồ Nam và một viên chức ngọai khác dậy Fonda hát một bản nhạc chiến đấu mà bà muốn hát khi ở Hà Nội, Hồ Nam kể lại bà Fonda nói,
“Tôi muốn hát tặng chiến sĩ của các anh”.
Hồ Nam cũng kể lại khi Fonda rời Hà Nội sau chuyến đi thăm BV, bà ta có gọi cho y từ Bangkok, dặn y gặp bà tại Phi trường quốc tế Orly, Paris khi bà trở lại Pháp và Nam đã làm theo lời bà.
Hồ Nam là ai? Có phải y chỉ là một nhân viên ngọai giao bình thuờng của BV, chỉ nhận đơn xin nhập cảnh, hoặc có một sứ mạng khác?
Năm 2004 một cuốn sách xuất bản tại Hà Nội kỷ niệm ngày sinh thứ 90 của Trần Quốc Hoàn, Ủy viên trung ương đảng, người đã có mấy chục năm phục vụ Đảng, từ 1950 cho tới cuối 1970, trong chức vụ Bộ trưởng công an. Địa vị của Hoàn giống và rập khuôn theo chức của Thủ trưởng cơ quan mật vụ Nga KGB. Cuốn sách có ghi vài bài tưởng nhớ trong đó có bài “Cựu bộ trưởng Trần Quốc Hoàn và quan hệ với một chiến sĩ tình báo”. Tác giả bài viết không ai khác hơn là Hồ Nam. Hồ Nam thực sự chỉ là một bí danh.
Hồ Nam thực ra là công an chìm sở tình báo, phục vụ cho Cục D13 tên thật là Hoàng gia Huy đã được đưa sang làm giả dạng trong ngành ngọai giao tại Paris với mục tiêu dân vận nhắm vào người Mỹ. Tên Hồ Nam ghi trong giấy thông hành của y cũng như hoạt động tại Paris chỉ là bí danh. Y lấy họ Hồ để vinh danh “Bác Hồ”, và tên Nam là ý nói đến miền Nam của nước Việt nam
Trong bài Hồ Nam (tên dùng luôn từ đó) dẫn nhiều huấn thị của chính Trần Quốc Hoàn cho y trước khi đi Paris năm 1968:
“Việc thứ hai cần nắm thật chắc, thật vững: đế quốc xâm lược Mỹ là đối tượng tranh đấu chính yếu của ta.  Chỉ có người Mỹ mới có hiểu biết nhiều về chủ trương kế hoạch cụ thể đối với cuộc chiến tranh của Chính phủ họ ở Việt Nam.  Phải tìm mọi cách xây dựng lực lượng trong hàng ngũ người Mỹ giác ngộ, phản đối chiến tranh của Mỹ, đó là những người có lương tri, có nguyên vọng giúp Việt Nam để chuộc lại những tội lỗi do binh sĩ Mỹ gây nên. Tôi gọi việc này là xây dựng quan hệ hữu nghị, và giao cho đồng chí chuyên trách, các đồng chí ở địa bàn đã có công việc khác rồi.  Đồng chí cần biết rõ đối tượng mình định xây dựng thành cơ sở, biết chọn lọc và bố trí họ đúng chỗ để khai thác tối đa tình hình địch, có lợi cho ta, góp phần phục vụ trong nước đánh thắng địch đồng thời phục vụ cuộc đàm phán của các phái đoàn ta, v.v…”
Sau khi nhận huấn thị, Hồ Nam nói y đã chuẩn bị cho nhiệm vụ này như thế nào, điều nghiên để chọn mục tiêu nào là hữu ích nhất cho mình ngõ hầu tìm lấy được những thông tin cần thiết.
“Nghiêm chỉnh chấp hành chỉ thị của Bộ trưởng với sự chỉ đạo sát sao của lãnh đạo Cục A.13, tôi nhanh chóng sắp xếp mọi công việc, làm thủ tục biệt phái sang Bộ Ngoại giao, nghiên cứu tình hình địa bàn, đặc biệt chú trọng những người Mỹ có nhiều tin tức ở Paris mà người ta thường gọi: Paris là ngã tư của các loại thông tin (Carrefour des informations)”.
Dĩ nhiên Hồ Nam không tiết lộ lý lịch của những người Mỹ mà y nhằm thu phục, y cho biết rất thành công .Y viết ngọt ngào:
“Thấm nhuần lời chỉ giáo này, tôi đã tuyển chọn được một mạng lưới tích cực hoạt động, cung cấp cho ta những tin quan trọng, hạn chế thương vong, giành chiến thắng.”
Tất cả những dữ kiện trên không có gì chứng tỏ hoặc ám chỉ cho thấy Jane Fonda đã là một cộng tác viên của Tình báo BV. Trước hết bà chỉ là một tài tử xi nê không thể biết gì về những kế hoạch mật, cấp cao của chính phủ Mỹ mà Hồ Nam rất muốn thu thập. Tuy nhiên, là nhân vật rất nổi tiếng, giao thiệp rộng cả về mặt xã hội và chính trị tại Paris cũng gồm nhiều người Mỹ bà có thể dễ dàng được dùng làm cộng tác viên cung cấp hay nói khác đi, một phương tiện để dẫn dắt tới những nhân vật khác có khả năng cung cấp những thông tin mà Hồ Nam tìm kiếm.
Thêm vào đó, việc thu thập những tin mật về kế họach, ý đồ của địch là công việc trước tiên và quan trọng nhất của một điệp viên nhưng công việc của y không phải chỉ có thế. Người điệp viên còn có nhiệm vụ tổ chức chiến dịch tuyên truyền cho nước mình và làm suy yếu tinh thần ý chí của nước nghịch. Việc này không cần phải thu phục người để thực hiện chiến dịch và khiến người cộng tác không có cảm tưởng mình bị người ta giật dây sai khiến. Tất cả chỉ cần lấy được cảm tình thân thiện và lòng tin. Bộ trưởng Trân Quốc Hòan gọi nó là “Công tác triển khai tình hữu nghị”.. thuyết phục đối tượng của mình rằng đôi ta cùng có lợi và gợi cho người ấy có thể hoặc phải làm cho cả hai bên có nhiều lợi lộc hơn nữa.
Ở đây ta không thể nói Jane Fonda là điệp viên của Cộng Sản BV vì tuyệt đối không có bằng chứng gì để kết án bà như vậy. Vấn đề ở chỗ bà biết đặt mình vào địa vị mà tình báo địch có thể khai thác tiếng tăm của bà và sự tiếp xúc với bà cho cả việc thu thập tin tình báo cũng như công tác tuyên truyền và như thế, theo chính BV, một trong những người bà tiếp xúc thân thiết là một điệp viên mà năm 1972 y có mục đích khai thác những người như bà. Nếu cho rằng y không có ý xử dụng hoặc khai thác bà ta là điều ngây thơ không thể tả được.
Jane Fonda cần phải xin tạ lỗi các cựu chiến binh Việt Nam và tạ lỗi với đất nước của bà không phải vì là người phản chiến – vì có nhiều người Mỹ yêu nước chân chính, già cũng như trẻ, đã chống chiến tranh một cách hợp tình hợp lý – nhưng vì bà đã tự đặt mình vào một địa vị mà sở tình báo của nước đang có chiến tranh với Mỹ có thể khai thác và xử dụng bà, và chính bà đã chấp nhận cho kẻ địch làm như thế .
Sau khi đã nhận được nhiều góp ý giận dữ của độc giả trả lời cho bài viết của bà về chuyến đi Hà Nội, bà Fonda bèn đăng một bài trên trang mạng của mình có tên là “Tha thứ”. Thật tình mà nói bà Fonda cần chân thành xin người dân Mỹ, nhất là cựu chiến binh Mỹ, hãy tha thứ cho bà .
Dịch theo bài Jane Fonda and Her Friendly North Vietnamese Intelligence Officer của Merle L. Pribbenow đăng trên Washington Decoded ngày 10 tháng 8-2011
(Lời Toà Soạn: Merle L. Pribbenow tác giả bài viết “Limits to Interrogation: The Man in the Snow White Cell” [nói về cuộc thẩm vấn nhân viên tình báo cao cấp Nguyễn Văn Tài của bắc Việt], khảo cứu về tình báo, là một nhân viên CIA về hưu, chuyên viên Việt Ngữ, đã phục vụ tại Việt Nam từ 1970 cho tới 1975. Đây là bài thứ ba của ông dành cho tạp chí Washington Decoded)
© Trọng Đạt





By Merle L. Pribbenow
Last month, actress Jane Fonda published an article on her website titled “My Trip to Hanoi.” In the article Ms. Fonda tried to explain her two-week visit to Hanoi during the summer of 1972—and by doing so, dispel all the “slanderous” internet rumors and accusations of “treason” that have been made against her because of her actions during that trip.

Why address this old controversy now? Because a few days earlier, the television shopping network QVC, after receiving many protests, had abruptly canceled a scheduled appearance by Ms. Fonda to promote her new self-help memoir. So the article was intended to set the record straight. The Oscar-winning actress did offer an apology of sorts (really more of an excuse than an apology) for the famous photograph of her manning a North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gun. But the bulk of the article was a defense of the trip and her motivations.

No one but Ms. Fonda can know what her true motivations were, but it is clear that the North Vietnamese exploited her for their own propaganda purposes. She would have been an idiot, which clearly she is not, to have assumed that they would try to do anything less.

One of the strongest charges lodged against Ms. Fonda has been that she was acting as a North Vietnamese agent when she took these actions, and therefore was guilty of treason. If that was the case, then she would presumably have been acting under instructions from a North Vietnamese official, probably a North Vietnamese intelligence officer. The next logical question, then, is whether Ms. Fonda had contacts with North Vietnamese intelligence?


Since intelligence officers of all countries operate “under cover,” not revealing their true affiliation, answering this kind of question is usually extremely difficult. In this case, however, it turns out that the Vietnamese have answered the question for us. They have not only revealed that Ms. Fonda was in contact with a North Vietnamese intelligence officer in 1972; they have also told us the officer’s name, his operational alias, the cover he was using, as well as his operational instructions and what his goals were in targeting American citizens.

A 2005 article published in Thanh Nien, the official newspaper of the Vietnamese Communist Party’s Ho Chi Minh Youth Group, describes an interview with a retired Vietnamese official named Ho Nam, who in 1972 was a consular officer assigned to the North Vietnamese diplomatic mission in Paris. Ho Nam describes how he met with Fonda when she came to the mission to request a travel visa to North Vietnam. He and another consular officer taught Ms. Fonda a North Vietnamese army fighting song that she wanted to learn for to use while in Hanoi. He quotes her as saying, “I want to sing it as a gift to your soldiers.” Ho Nam also recalls that when Ms. Fonda left Hanoi after completing her visit, she called him from Bangkok, and asked him to meet her at Paris’s Orly International Airport when she returned to France, which he did.

Who was this Ho Nam? Was he just an ordinary North Vietnamese consular officer who was concerned with nothing more than processing visa applications? Or was he something else?

In 2004, a book was published in Hanoi to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the birth of the late Tran Quoc Hoan, a member of the North Vietnamese Communist Politburo who served for almost three decades, from the 1950s up until the late 1970s, as the Minister of Public Security. As such, Hoan occupied a position that was equivalent to, and modeled after, the head of the Soviet Union’s infamous security and intelligence organization, the KGB. The book contains several articles in memoriam, one of which was entitled, “The Late Minister Tran Quoc Hoan and His Relationship with an Intelligence Warrior.” It was written by none other than Ho Nam, which turns out to be an alias.

“Ho Nam” was actually a covert Public Security intelligence officer working for Department A13 (North Vietnam’s Foreign Intelligence Directorate). His true name was Hoang Gia Huy, and he had been especially selected to work under diplomatic cover in Paris, with specific instructions to target and recruit American citizens. The name of Ho Nam, which he used on his passport and to conduct all his operations in Paris, was a brazen operational alias. The family name “Ho” was selected to honor North Vietnam’s leader, Ho Chi Minh, and the given name “Nam” was selected because it is the last half of the name of his country, Viet Nam.

In the article, Ho Nam (the name he would use from that time forward), provides a long quote from the instructions Tran Quoc Hoan personally delivered to him before he departed for Paris in 1968:


You must understand very clearly . . . that the American imperialist aggressors are our primary target. Only an American could have extensive knowledge of specific American government policies and plans for the war in Vietnam. You must do everything you can to recruit people from among the ranks of Americans whose revolutionary consciousness has been awakened, from among those Americans who oppose the American war, because those are people who have a conscience and who want to help Vietnam in order to make up for the crimes that US troops are committing. I call this the work of developing friendly relations, and that is the work that I am entrusting to you. Our other people working there have other tasks to perform. You need to know and understand the targets you intend to recruit as agents; you need to know how to select them and to direct them to the right places in order to obtain the greatest possible amount of information, information that will help us and that will help our people back at home to defeat the enemy and that will support the negotiations being conducted by our delegations, etc.

After receiving these instructions, Ho Nam describes how he prepared for his assignment by, among other things, conducting research to determine which targets in Paris would be most useful to him in gaining access to the information he was assigned to collect:


Strictly carrying out the instructions I had received from the minister and under the close supervision of Department A13’s leaders, I quickly arranged my affairs, went through the necessary procedures for being seconded to the Foreign Ministry, and I researched the situation in the area where I would be working, paying special attention to Americans who might have access to a great deal of information in Paris, which people frequently called the ‘crossroads for all types of information’ (carrefour des informations).

While Ho Nam, quite naturally, does not reveal the identities of the Americans he targeted and recruited, he does state that he had considerable success. He blandly writes, “After studying and absorbing these instructions, I was able to select and recruit a network that worked actively and supplied us with important information that helped to reduce our casualties and to gain victory.”

All this does not in any way prove, or indeed even imply, that Jane Fonda was a witting, recruited agent of North Vietnamese intelligence. First of all, as a movie starlet she would have had no access to the kind of high-level information on secret US policies or plans that Ho Nam was most interested in acquiring. However, as an extremely well-known personality, with a wide circle of social and political contacts in Paris, including many Americans, she could easily have served, probably unwittingly, as an “access agent” or “social broker”—in other words, as a vehicle of introduction to other individuals who did have access to the kind of information Ho Nam had been tasked to seek out.

In addition, while acquiring secret information about enemy plans and intentions is an intelligence officer’s first and most important job, it is not his only job. Intelligence officers are frequently asked to initiate and direct covert propaganda operations designed to promote their nation’s interests and weaken the morale and the will of their nation’s adversaries. This does not necessarily require recruiting the individual you are using to carry out this operation, and that individual may not even realize that he or she is being manipulated. All that is necessary is to gain the individual’s friendship and trust. Minister Tran Quoc Hoan called this the “work of developing friendly relations,” e.g., persuading the targeted individual that you both share a mutual interest and making suggestions to that individual about what he or she could or should do to further those “mutual interests.”




The point here is not that Jane Fonda was a witting agent of the North Vietnamese communists, because there is absolutely no evidence for such a charge. It is that she knowingly placed herself in a position in which a hostile intelligence service could exploit her fame and her contacts for both covert intelligence collection and covert propaganda operations, and that, according to the North Vietnamese themselves, one of her close contacts was a covert intelligence officer whose entire purpose in 1972 was to exploit people just like her. To imagine that he would not at least try to manipulate and exploit her is naïve in the extreme.


Jane Fonda does indeed owe an apology to Vietnam veterans, and to her country, not for her opposition to the war—many truly patriotic Americans, young and old, were honestly, and perhaps rightly, opposed to the war—but for placing herself in a situation in which the intelligence service of a foreign government actively engaged in hostilities against American forces could exploit and manipulate her, as she herself admits they did.

After receiving a number of hostile comments from readers in response to her initial article about the Hanoi trip, Ms. Fonda posted on her website a follow-up article that is titled “Forgiveness.” It would indeed be appropriate for Ms. Fonda to sincerely ask the American people, and especially Vietnam veterans, for their forgiveness.


Merle L. Pribbenow, the author of “Limits to Interrogation: The Man in the Snow White Cell,” Studies in Intelligence, is a retired CIA operations officer and Vietnamese linguist who served in Vietnam from 1970 to 1975. This is his third article for Washington Decoded.
© 2011 by Merle L. Pribbenow

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